This article and infographic from FastCompany has a good explanation of what happens when someone likes your website page, your Facebook business page, or connects with you through a Facebook app or Facebook connect.
It also has a good explanation of what items appear in a fan’s news feed when they are on Facebook. “Top News” is the default view that everyone sees and Facebook’s EdgeRank formula determines which items appear here based on how much interaction an item gets (likes, comments), how much time is spent interacting between users – someone who posts frequently on your wall will see more of your items, and how recent a post was made.